QGIS provides default keyboard shortcuts for many features. You can find them in section Bar Menu. Additionally, the menu option Settings ‣ Configure Shortcuts... allows you to change the default keyboard shortcuts and add new keyboard shortcuts to QGIS features.
Figure Shortcuts 1:
Define shortcut options
Configuration is very simple. Just select a feature from the list and click on :
Once you have finished your configuration, you can save it as an XML file and load it to another QGIS installation.
Saat Anda membutuhkan bantuan dengan topik yang spesifik, Anda dapat mengakses konteks bantuan melalui tombol [Bantuan] tersedia disebagian besar dialog - harap dicatat bahwa plugin pihak ketiga dapat mengarah ke halaman web khusus.
By default, QGIS renders all visible layers whenever the map canvas is refreshed. The events that trigger a refresh of the map canvas include:
Menambahkan lapisan (layer)
Menggeser atau memperbesar
Merubah visitabilitas dari lapisan (layer)
QGIS allows you to control the rendering process in a number of ways.
Skala render memungkinkan Anda untuk menentukan skaa minimum dan skala maksimum di mana lapisan akan terlihat. Untuk mengatur skala render bergantung, buka dialog Properti dengan mengklik-dobel pada lapisan di legenda. Pada tab Umum klik pada kotak centang Skala bergantung pada visibilitas untuk mengaktifkan fitur, kemudian atur nilai maskimum dan minimum skala.
You can determine the scale values by first zooming to the level you want to use and noting the scale value in the QGIS status bar.
Map rendering can be controlled in various ways, as described below.
To suspend rendering, click the Render checkbox in the
lower right corner of the status bar. When the
Render
checkbox is not checked, QGIS does not redraw the canvas in response to any of
the events described in section Rendering. Examples of when you
might want to suspend rendering include:
Menambah banyak lapisan dan melambangkan mereka sebelum menggambar
Menambahkan satu atau lebih lapisan besar dan mengatur ketergantungan skala sebelum menggambar
Menambahkan satu atau lebih lapisan besar dan perbesar ke tampilan spesifik sebelum menggambar
Kombinasi dari yang ada di atas
Aktifkan kotak centang Render mengaktifkan rendering dan dan menyebabkan refresh langsung dari kanvas peta.
Anda dapat mengatur pilihan untuk selalu memuat lapisan baru tanpa menggambar mereka. Ini berarti lapisan akan ditambahkan ke peta, namun visibilitas kotak centang dalam legenda akan dicentang secara default. Untuk mengatur opsi ini, pilih menu opsi Pengaturan ‣ Opsi dan klik tab Rendering. Hapus centang Secara standar lapisan baru ditambahkan ke peta selalu ditampilkan. Setiap lapisan ditambahkan ke peta akan tidak terlihat secara standar.
Untuk menghentikan penggambaran peta, tekan tombol ESC. Ini akan menghentikan refresh kanvas peta dan menghentikan proses penggambaran peta. Hal ini mungkin membutuhkan waktu selama menekan ESC dan penggambaran peta terhenti.
Catatan
Saat ini tidak memungkikan untuk menghentikan rendering - ini dinonaktifkan di port qt4 karena masalah antarmuka pengguna (UI) dan konflik (crash).
QGIS has an option to influence the rendering quality of the map. Choose menu
option Settings ‣ Options, click on the Rendering
tab and select or deselect Make lines appear less jagged
at the expense of some drawing performance.
There are some settings that allow you to improve rendering speed. Open the QGIS options dialog using Settings ‣ Options, go to the Rendering tab and select or deselect the following checkboxes:
Gunakan render caching yang memungkinkan mempercepat gambar ulang
The select color dialog will appear whenever you push
the icon to choose a color. The features of this dialog
depends on the state of the Use native color chooser dialogs parameter
checkbox in Settings ‣ Options ‣ General menu.
When checked, the color dialog used is the one of the OS being used. Otherwise,
QGIS custom color chooser is used.
This dialog has four different tabs which allow you to select colors by
color ramp,
color wheel,
color swatches or
color picker
(not available under
).
Whatever method you use, the selected color is always described through color sliders for HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) and RGB (Red, Green, Blue) values. There is also an opacity slider to set transparency level. On the lower left part of the dialog you can see a comparison between the current and the new color you are presently selecting and on the lower right part you have the option to add the color you just tweaked into a color slot button.
Figure color selector 1:
Color selector ramp tab
Tip
Dynamically change the color with the live-updating option
Check the Use live-updating color chooser dialogs option in the General Settings to have the color applied to your items as you change color parameters in the QGIS custom color chooser dialog.
With color ramp or with
color wheel,
you can browse to all possible color combinations.
There are other possibilities though. By using
color swatches
you can choose from a preselected list. This selected list is
populated with one of three methods:
Figure color selector 2:
Color selector switcher tab
Another option is to use the color picker which allows
you to sample a color from under your mouse pointer at any part of
QGIS or even from another application by pressing the space bar. Please note
that the color picker is OS dependent and is currently not supported by OSX.
Tip
quick color picker + copy/paste colors
You can quickly choose from Recent colors, from Standard colors
or simply copy or paste a color by clicking
the drop-down arrow that follows the color box.
Figure color selector 3:
Quick color selector menu
QGIS offers different options for special rendering effects with these tools that you may previously only know from graphics programs. Blending modes can be applied on layers, on features but also on print composer items:
QGIS provides tools to zoom and pan to your area of interest.
Apart from using the pan and
zoom-in /
zoom-out icons on the toolbar
with the mouse, navigating can also be done with the mouse wheel, spacebar
and the arrow keys.
You can press the mouse wheel to pan inside of the main
window, and you can roll the mouse wheel to zoom in and out on the map.
For zooming, place the mouse cursor inside the map area and roll it forward
(away from you) to zoom in and backwards (towards you) to zoom out. The mouse
cursor position will be the center of the zoomed area of interest. You can
customize the behavior of the mouse wheel zoom using the Map tools
tab under the Settings ‣
Options menu.
Panning the map is possible with the arrow keys. Place the mouse cursor inside the map area, and click on the right arrow key to pan east, left arrow key to pan west, up arrow key to pan north, and down arrow key to pan south.
You can also use the space bar to temporarily cause mouse movements to pan the map. The PgUp and PgDown keys on your keyboard will cause the map display to zoom in or out.
QGIS provides four means of measuring geometries:
Measuring works within projected coordinate systems (e.g., UTM) and unprojected data. The first three measuring tools behave equally to global project settings:
If “on the fly” CRS transformation is enabled, the default measurement metric is - different from most other GIS - ellipsoidal, using the ellipsoid defined in File ‣ Project properties ‣ General. This is true both when geographic and projected coordinate systems are defined for the project. If you want to calculate the projected / planimetric area or distance using cartesian maths, the measurement ellipsoid has to be set to “None / Planimetric” (File ‣ Project properties ‣ CRS). However, with a geographic (= unprojected) CRS defined for the data and project, area and distance measurement will be ellipsoidal. If “on the fly” CRS transformation is disabled, the measurement metric is planimetric when the project coordinate system is projected and ellipsoidal when the project coordinate system is unprojected / geographic.
However, neither the identify tool nor the field calculator will transform your data to the project CRS before measuring. If you want to achieve this, you have to use the vector analysis tool: Vector ‣ Geometry Tools ‣ Export/Add Geometry Columns. Here, measurement is by default planimetric except if you choose the ellipsoidal measure.
All measuring modules use the snapping settings from the digitizing module. This is useful, if you want to measure along lines or areas in vector layers.
To select a measuring tool, click on and select the tool you want
to use.
By default, Measure Line: QGIS measures real distances
between given points according to a defined ellipsoid. You can define a rubberband
color and your preferred measurement units (meters or feet) and angle units
(degrees, radians and gon) in the menu option
Settings ‣ Options ‣ Map Tools.
The tool then allows you to click points on the map. Each segment length,
as well as the total, shows up in the measure window.
To stop measuring, click your right mouse button.
Note that you can interactively change the measurement units in the measurement
dialog. It overrides the Preferred measurement units in the options.
There is an info section in the dialog that shows which CRS settings are being
used during measurement calculations.
Figure Measure 1:
Measure Distance
Measure Area: Areas can also be measured. In the
measure window, the accumulated area size appears. In addition, the measuring
tool will snap to the currently selected layer, provided that layer has its
snapping tolerance set (see section Setting the Snapping Tolerance and Search Radius). So, if you want
to measure exactly along a line feature, or around a polygon feature, first set
its snapping tolerance, then select the layer. Now, when using the measuring
tools, each mouse click (within the tolerance setting) will snap to that layer.
Figure Measure 2:
Measure Area
Measure Angle: You can also measure angles. The
cursor becomes cross-shaped. Click to draw the first segment of the angle you
wish to measure, then move the cursor to draw the desired angle. The measure
is displayed in a pop-up dialog.
Figure Measure 3:
Measure Angle
The QGIS toolbar provides several tools to select features in the map canvas.
To select one or several features, just click on and select your
tool:
To deselect all selected features, click on Deselect
Features from All Layers.
Select features using an expression allows user
to select features using expression dialog. See Expressions
chapter for some example.
Users can save selected features into a New Memory Vector Layer or a New Vector Layer using Edit ‣ Copy Features and Edit ‣ Paste Features as in the wanted format.
Beside many options in the vector layer properties dialog or settings in the print
composer, you can find a Data defined override icon.
Thanks to expressions based on layer attributes or item
settings, prebuild or custom functions and variables,
this tool allows you to set dynamic value for the concerned parameter. When enabled,
the value returned by this widget is applied to the parameter regardless its normal
value (checkbox, textbox, slider...).
Clicking the Data defined override icon shows:
Tip
When the data-defined override option is setup correctly the
icon is yellow or
; if it is broken,
the icon is red
or
.
Parameters that can be used with data-defined tools are:
The Identify tool allows you to interact with the map canvas and get information
on features in a pop-up window. To identify features, use View ‣ Identify
features or press Ctrl + Shift + I, or click the
Identify features icon on the Attributes toolbar.
QGIS offers two ways to identify features with the
Identify features tool:
If you click on feature(s), the Identify results dialog will list information about the clicked feature(s). The default view is a tree view where the first item is the name of the layer and its children are its identified feature(s). Each feature is described by the name of a field along with its value. This field is the one set in Properties ‣ Display. Then follows all the other information about the feature.
Jendela ini dapat disesuaikan untuk menampilkan kolom kustom namun secara default akan menampilkan tiga jenis informasi:
Figure Identify 1:
Identify features dialog
At the top of the window, you have seven icons:
At the bottom of the window, you have the Mode and View comboboxes. With the Mode combobox you can define from which layers features should be identified:
The View can be set as ‘Tree’, ‘Table’ or ‘Graph’. ‘Table’ and ‘Graph’ views can only be set for raster layers.
The identify tool allows you to auto open a form.
If checked, each time a single feature is identified QGIS will open a form
showing its attributes. This is a handy way to quickly edit a feature’s attributes.
Fungsi lain dapat ditemukan dalam menu konteks dari ditentukannya item. Sebagai contoh, dari menu konteks Anda dapat:
Lihat form fitur
Perbesar ke fitur
Salin fitur: salin semua fitur geometri dan atribut
Salin nilai atribut: hanya menyalin nilai dari atribut yang Anda klik
Bersihkan hasilnya: Hapus hasil di jendela
Bersihkan highlight: Hapus fitur highlight pada peta
Highlight semua
Highlight lapisan
Aktifkan lapisan: Pilih lapisan yang akan diaktifkan
Properti lapisa: buka jendel properti lapisan
Perluas (expand) semua
Runtuh (collapse) semua
The Text Annotation tool in the attribute
toolbar provides the possibility to place formatted text in a balloon on the
QGIS map canvas. Use the Text Annotation tool and click into the
map canvas.
Figure annotation 1:
Annotation text dialog
Dobel klik pada item membuka dialog dengan berbagai pilihan. Ada editor teks untuk memasukkan teks yang diformat dan pengaturan item lain. Misalnya ada pilihan memiliki item ditempatkan pada posisi peta (ditampilkan dengan simbol penanda) atau memiliki item pada posisi layar (tidak berhubungan dengan peta). Item ini bisa dipindahkan dengan posisi peta (geser penanda peta) atau hanya dengan memindahkan balon. Ikon adalah bagian dari tema GIS, dan digunakan secara default dalam tema-tema lain juga.
The Move Annotation tool allows you to move the
annotation on the map canvas.
The Html Annotation tools in the attribute
toolbar provides the possibility to place the content of an html file in a
balloon on the QGIS map canvas. Using the Html Annotation tool,
click into the map canvas and add the path to the html file into the dialog.
The SVG Annotation tool in the attribute toolbar
provides the possibility to place an SVG symbol in a balloon on the QGIS map
canvas. Using the SVG Annotation tool, click into the map canvas and
add the path to the SVG file into the dialog.
Additionally, you can also create your own annotation forms. The
Form Annotation tool is useful to display
attributes of a vector layer in a customized Qt Designer form (see
figure_custom_annotation). This is similar to the designer forms for the
Identify features tool, but displayed in an annotation item.
Also see this video https://youtu.be/0pDBuSbQ02o?t=2m25s from
Tim Sutton for more information.
Figure annotation 2:
Customized qt designer annotation form
Catatan
Jika Anda menekan Ctrl+T sementara alat Anotasi aktif (anotasi bergerak, anotasi teks, form anotasi), visibilitas item yang terbalik.
Spatial Bookmarks allow you to “bookmark” a geographic location and return to it later. Bookmarks are saved on the computer, meaning that they are available from any project in the same computer.
Membuat Bookmark
Perbesar atau geser ke interes area.
Masukkan nama deskripsi dari bookmark (batas 255 karakter).
Catatan Anda bisa memiliki bookmark banyak dengan satu nama.
To use or manage bookmarks, select the menu option View ‣ Show Bookmarks. The Spatial Bookmarks panel allows you to:
Jika Anda ingin menanamkan (embed) isi dari berkas proyek lain kedalam proyek Anda, Anda bisa memilih Lapisan ‣ Tanam Lapisan dan Grup.
Dialog berikut memungkinkan Anda menanamkan lapisan dari proyek-proyek lain. Berikut ini adalah contoh kecil:
Figure Nesting 1:
Select layers and groups to embed
Sementara lapisan tertanam dapat diedit, Anda tidak dapat mengubah properti mereka seperti gaya dan pelabelan.
The Decorations of QGIS include the Grid, the Copyright Label, the North Arrow and the Scale Bar. They are used to ‘decorate’ the map by adding cartographic elements.
Grid memungkinkan untuk menambahkan koordinat kisi (grid) dan koordinat anotasi untuk kanvas peta.
Figure Decorations 1:
The Grid Dialog
Pilih dari menu Tampilan ‣ Decorasi ‣ Kisi. Mulai dialog (lihat figure_decorations_1).
Aktifkan kotak centang Aktifkan Kisi dan menetapkan definisi kisi (grid) sesuai dengan lapisan yang dimuat dalam kanvas peta.
Aktifkan kotak centang Gambar anotasi dan menetapkan definisi anotasi sesuai dengan lapisan yang dimuat dalam kanvas peta.
Copyright label adds a copyright label using the text
you prefer to the map.
Figure Decorations 2:
The Copyright Dialog
Pilih dari menu Tampilan ‣ Dekorasi ‣ Label hak Cipta. (lihat figure_decorations_2).
Pastikan kotak centang telah ditandai/aktifkan Aktifkan Label Hak Cipta
Masukkan teks yang Anda ingin tempatkan di peta. Anda bisa menggunakan HTML seperti dalam contoh
In the example above, which is the default, QGIS places a copyright symbol followed by the date in the lower right-hand corner of the map canvas.
North Arrow places a simple north arrow on the map canvas.
Currently, there is only one style available. You can adjust the angle of the
arrow or let QGIS set the direction automatically.
If you choose to let QGIS determine the direction, it makes its best guess
as to how the arrow should be oriented.
For placement of the arrow, you have four options, corresponding to
the four corners of the map canvas.
You can refine the placement of the arrow by setting a Horizontal and/or Vertical
Marging from (Canvas) Edge. These values can be a distance in Millimeter or
Pixels or set as Percentage of the width or height of the map canvas.
Figure Decorations 3:
The North Arrow Dialog
Scale Bar adds a simple scale bar to the map canvas. You
can control the style and placement, as well as the labelling of the bar.
Figure Decorations 4:
The Scale Bar Dialog
QGIS only supports displaying the scale in the same units as your map frame. So if the units of your layers are in meters, you can’t create a scale bar in feet. Likewise, if you are using decimal degrees, you can’t create a scale bar to display distance in meters.
Menambahkan bar skala:
Pilih dari menu Tampilan ‣ Dekorasi ‣ Skala Bar (lihat figure_decorations_4)
Tip
Pengaturan Dekorasi
Saat Anda menyimpan sebuah proyek .qgs, setiap perubahan yang Anda buat pada Kisi (Grid), Panah Utara, Skala Bar dan Hak Cipta akan disimpan dalam proyek dan dikembalikan pada saat Anda memuat proyek.
QGIS has facility to store/retrieve authentication credentials in a secure manner. Users can securely save credentials into authentication configurations, which are stored in a portable database, can be applied to server or database connections, and safely referenced by their ID tokens in project or settings files. For more information see Authentication System.
A master password needs to be set up when initializing the authentication system and its portable database.
Layers (raster or vector) can be saved in another format with the Save As... feature in the layer contextual menu (by right-clicking in the layer in the layer tree) or in the Layer ‣ Save As... menu.
The Save As dialog shows several parameters to change the behaviour when saving the layer. Common parameters (raster and vector) are:
However, some parameters are specific to raster and vector formats:
Catatan
OGR Feature Styles are a way to store style directly in the data as a hidden attribute. Only some format can handle this kind of information. KML, DXF and TAB files format are such format. For advanced user, you can read the OGR Feature Styles specification document.
Catatan
About DXF files
Vector layers can be exported to DXF files using another tool, the DXF Export ... in Project. The windows allow the user to choose the layer file, the symbology mode (see the note above), the symbology scale, the encoding, the visibility preset and the layers to include in the DXF file.
As an option, you can Use the layer title as name if
set or Export features intersecting the current map extent.
You can define custom variables for use in expressions. Variables can be defined at the application global level, project level, layer level and composition level. Just like CSS cascading rules, variables can be overwritten - eg, a project level variable will overwrite any application level variables set. You can use these variables to build text strings or other custom expressions using @ character before the variable name. For example in composer creating a label with this content:
This map was made using QGIS [% @qgis_version %]. The project file for this
map is: [% @project_path %]
Will render the label like this:
This map was made using QGIS 2.14. The project file for this map is:
/gis/qgis-user-conference-2015.qgs
You can manage global variables from the Settings ‣ Options menu, and project level variables from Project properties (including adding your own custom variables).
Figure Variables dialog 2:
Edit variable at the project level
Catatan
you can read more information and find examples here Exploring variables in QGIS 2.12, part 1, part 2 and part 3.