When QGIS starts, you are presented with the GUI as shown in the figure (the numbers 1 through 5 in yellow circles are discussed below).
Figure QGIS GUI 1:
Nota
L’aspetto delle finestre (barra del titolo, ecc.) potrà apparire diverso a seconda del sistema operativo e dell’ambiente desktop.
The QGIS GUI is divided into five areas:
Barra dei Menu
Mappa
Barra di Stato
These five components of the QGIS interface are described in more detail in the following sections. Two more sections present keyboard shortcuts and context help.
From the View menu (Settings under KDE), you can switch on and off QGIS widgets (Panels ‣) or toolbars (Toolbars ‣). You can (de)activate any of them by right-clicking the menu bar or a toolbar and choose the item you want. Each panel or toolbar can be moved and placed wherever you feel comfortable with in QGIS interface. The list can also be extended with the activation of Core or external plugins.
Le barre degli strumenti forniscono accesso alla maggior parte delle funzioni presenti nei menu, oltre a funzioni aggiuntive volte ad interagire con la mappa. Ogni oggetto della barra degli strumenti ha un aiuto a comparsa (pop-up). Lasciando il cursore del mouse sopra l’icona, verrà visualizzata una breve descrizione della funzione di quello strumento.
Every toolbar can be moved around according to your needs. Additionally, they can be switched off using the right mouse button context menu, or by holding the mouse over the toolbars.
Figure Toolbars:
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Ripristinare le barre degli strumenti
If you have accidentally hidden a toolbar, you can get it back by choosing menu option View ‣ Toolbars ‣ (or Settings ‣ Toolbars ‣ under Linux KDE). If for some reason a toolbar (or any other widget) totally disappears from the interface, you’ll find tips to get it back at restoring initial GUI.
QGIS provides by default many panels to work with.
Figure Panels:
Some of these panels are described below while others may be found in different parts of the document, namely:
The layers panel lists all the layers in the project. The checkbox in each legend entry can be used to show or hide the layer. The toolbar in the layers panel allows you to:
Figure Layer tools Bar:
The button allows you to add Presets views in the legend. Presets are a way to save and easily restore a combination of layers with their current style. To add a preset view, just set visible the layers you want, with their desired symbology, and click on button. Choose Add Preset... from the drop-down menu and give a name to the preset. The added preset is listed at the bottom of the drop-down menu and is recalled by clicking on it.
The Replace Preset ‣ option helps you overwrite a preset content with the current map view while the Remove Current Preset button deletes the active preset.
Tutte le viste predefinite aggiunte sono presenti anche nel compositore di stampe in modo di permetterti di creare stampe impostate sulle suddette viste (vedi: ref: composer_main_properties).
Nota
Tools to manage the layers panel are also available to layout the map and legend items of the print composer
Puoi selezionare un layer e trascinarlo in modo da modificarne la visibilità (Z-ordering). Z-ordering significa che i layer in cima alla legenda coprono nella mappa quelli sottostanti.
Nota
This behavior can be overridden by the Layer Order panel.
Layers in the legend window can be organized into groups. There are two ways to do this:
Seleziona alcuni layer, clicca con il tasto destro e scegli Gruppo selezionato. I layer selezionati saranno automaticamente spostati nel nuovo gruppo.
Per rimuovere un layer da un gruppo puoi selezionare e trascinare il layer al di fuori dello stesso o in alternativa puoi cliccare con il tasto destro del mouse sul layer e selezionare Muovi fuori dal gruppo –>. I gruppi possono essere nidificati all’interno di altri gruppi.
Puoi usare la casella di controllo di un gruppo per mostrare/nascondere tutti i layer del gruppo con un singolo click.
The content of the right mouse button context menu depends on whether the selected legend item is a raster or a vector layer. For GRASS vector layers, Toggle editing is not available. See section Digitalizzare e modificare layer vettoriali GRASS for information on editing GRASS vector layers.
Below are listed available options in context menu depending on the selected item.
Enabling the Mutually Exclusive Group option you can make a group have only one layer visible at the same time. Whenever a layer within the group is set visible the others will be toggled not visible.
Puoi selezionare più di un layer o di un gruppo allo stesso tempo tenendo premuto il tasto Ctrl e cliccando il tasto sinistro del mouse sui vari layer. Potrai cosi spostare contemporaneamente tutti i layer selezionati in un nuovo gruppo.
You may also delete more than one layer or group at once by selecting several items with the Ctrl key and pressing Ctrl+D afterwards. This way, all selected layers or groups will be removed from the layers list.
From the Layers panel, you have shortcuts to easily and quickly edit the layer rendering. Right-click on a vector layer and select Styles –> in the list in order to:
Nota
The previous options are also available for raster layer.
Whether the features in the vector layer have all the same unique symbol or they are classified (in that case, the layer is displayed in a tree structure with each class as sub-item), the following options are available at layer level or class level:
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Quickly share a layer style
From the context menu, copy the style of a layer and paste it to a group or a selection of layers: the style is applied to all the layers that are of the same type (vector vs raster) as the original layer and, in case of vector, have the same geometry type (point, line or polygon).
There is a panel that allows you to define an independent drawing order for the layers panel. You can activate it in the menu Settings ‣ Panels ‣ Layer Order Panel. This feature allows you to, for instance, order your layers in order of importance, but still display them in the correct order (see figure_layer_order). Checking the Control rendering order box underneath the list of layers will cause a revert to default behavior.
Figure Layer Order:
This panel can show some statistics on a specific vector layers. The panel allows users to choose:
In QGIS, you can use an overview panel that provides a full extent view of layers added to it. Within the view is a rectangle showing the current map extent. This allows you to quickly determine which area of the map you are currently viewing. Note that labels are not rendered to the map overview even if the layers in the map overview have been set up for labelling. If you click and drag the red rectangle in the overview that shows your current extent, the main map view will update accordingly.
When loading or processing some operations, you can track and follow messages that appear in different tabs using the Log Messages Panel. It can be activated using the most right icon in the bottom status bar.
For each layer being edited, this panel shows the list of actions done, allowing to quickly undo a set of actions by simply selecting the action listed above.
Also called Map canvas, this is the “business end” of QGIS — maps are displayed in this area. The map displayed in this window will depend on the vector and raster layers you have chosen to load (see sections that follow for more information on how to load layers). The map view can be panned, shifting the focus of the map display to another region, and it can be zoomed in and out. Various other operations can be performed on the map as described in the label_toolbars description above. The map view and the legend are tightly bound to each other — the maps in view reflect changes you make in the legend area.
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ZOOM IN E ZOOM OUT CON LA ROTELLA DEL MOUSE
Per le operazioni di zoom puoi anche utilizzare la rotella del mouse. Posizionando il puntatore del mouse nell’area di visualizzazione delle mappe aumenterai lo zoom girando la rotella verso lo schermo, lo ridurrai girandola nel verso contrario. La posizione del puntatore costituisce il centro per l’ingrandimento. Puoi regolare il comportamento della funzione di zoom con la rotella del mouse nella scheda Strumenti mappa del menu Impostazioni ‣ Opzioni .
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MUOVERE LA MAPPA CON I TASTI FRECCIA E LA BARRA SPAZIATRICE
Puoi spostare la mappa anche con le frecce della tastiera. Posiziona il mouse sulla mappa e clicca la freccia destra per spostarti verso est, la freccia sinistra per spostarti verso ovest, la freccia in su per spostarti verso nord e la freccia in giù per spostarti verso sud. Puoi anche spostare la mappa con la barra spaziatrice oppure premendo la rotellina del mouse: nel primo caso tieni premuta la barra spaziatrice e muovi il mouse, mentre nel secondo caso tieni premuto il tasto della rotellina mentre muovi il mouse.
The status bar provides you with general information about the map view, and actions processed or available and offers you tools to manage the map view.
On the left side of the status bar, you can get a summary of actions you’ve done (such as selecting features in a layer, removing layer) or a long description of the tool you are hovering over (not available for all tools). On startup, the bar status also informs you about availability of new or upgradeable plugins (if checked in Plugin Manager settings).
In case of lengthy operations, such as gathering of statistics in raster layers or rendering several layers in map view, a progress bar is displayed in the status bar to show the current progress of the action.
The Coordinate option shows the current position of the mouse, following it while moving across the map view. You can set the unit (and precision) to use in the project properties, General tab. Click on the small button at the left of the textbox to toggle between the Coordinate option and the Extents option that displays in map units, the coordinates of the current lower leftmost and upper rightmost points of the map view, as you pan and zoom in and out.
Next to the coordinate display you will find the Scale display. It shows the scale of the map view. If you zoom in or out, QGIS shows you the current scale. There is a scale selector, which allows you to choose among predefined and custom scales to assign to the map view.
Alla destra della scala è possibile definire la rotazione in gradi (in senso orario) della mappa.
On the right side of the status bar, there is a small checkbox which can be used to temporarily prevent layers being rendered to the map view (see section Visualizzazione).
To the right of the render functions, you find the Current CRS: icon with the EPSG code of the current project CRS. Clicking on this lets you Enable ‘on the fly’ CRS transformation properties for the current project and apply another CRS to the map view.
Finally, the Messages button opens the Log Messages Panel which informs you on underlying process (QGIS startup, plugins loading, processing tools...)
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Calcolare la scala corretta della mappa
When you start QGIS, the default CRS is WGS 84 (epsg 4326) and units are degrees. This means that QGIS will interpret any coordinate in your layer as specified in degrees. To get correct scale values, you can either manually change this setting, e.g. to meters, in the General tab under Project ‣ Project Properties, or you can use the Current CRS: icon seen above. In the latter case, the units are set to what the project projection specifies (e.g., +units=us-ft).
Note that CRS choice on startup can be set in Settings ‣ Options ‣ CRS.